My hypothesis is that women look in the mirror more than men do while passing by a mirror or a reflective surface.
My hypothesis is that women look in the mirror more than men do while passing by a mirror or a reflective surface.
Papers/Projects Objective
The Human Observation Project is designed:To provide students with an opportunity to apply scientific methods to a study of human behavior.To provide working models for key terms.To provide experience in the application of behavior change theories.Format The Human Observation Project should consist of a minimum of five typed pages. Information should be provided for each section of the Observation Project Form. The project is divided into two section:the gathering of baseline informationbehavior change
Be sure that the project submission adheres to the following formatting requirements:Use double-spacing.Use size 12 font.Set margins to one-inch on all sides.Be sure to include your name/course title on the first page.Write in complete sentences, use good English grammar, and correct spelling.Avoid personal pronouns and statements such as “I believe, I placed the coin on the floor…”, “My research proved that….” – in objective, naturalistic research your opinion is not very important, but your findings are. Your research may suggest that…, support the hypothesis…, or indicate….; but it does not necessarily proveanything.Charts and graphs are part of an “A” paper, but are not part of the basic page count of the project. References to outside sources may also part of an A or B level paper. Information should be provided for each section as outlined below.APA documentation style must be used when citing references in context and bibliography (if any).Project Outline Outline for the Project:
I. Initial Problem
Statement of the Problem: Explain the problem behavior. Convince the reader this behavior needs to be studied. Give examples from life. Remember, do not use personal pronouns (I, me, my). If you would like an A or B on your project add information from professional, scholarly research and site your reference using APA style documentation. In order to locate professional, scholarly research go to the CTC library online database, type in your topic, and click peer reviewed.
Theory: This is a prediction. What do you expect to observe. The theory is a general statement. For example, most males or females do not wash their hands after using the restroom. Most people will not pick up after themselves after eating in a public place.
Hypothesis: The hypothesis must be written in such a way as to test the theory. A theory is like an umbrella covering behaviors with the presumption that they are related. A good hypothesis rains on the umbrella to see if there are any holes. For example, between the hours of 11:00 and 1:00 on Monday and Wednesday at McDonald’s most patrons (or males, females, adolescents) will not place their napkins, cups, plates, and eating utensils in the trash and return their tray to the rack.
Procedure: This is a description of the step-by-step process used during the observation. Where did the observer sit? Was the observer visible to the subject being observed? How was data collected? The description needs to be written in sufficient detail that someone else could attempt to replicate (repeat) the procedure to determine if the same results could be obtained.
Results: The results are given in the form of numbers. This is the count. It is often presented in complex statistical terms. A numerical count and percentages will be sufficient for our purposes. An A or B level paper will add a graph or chart with well defined axses .
Discussion: This is a summary of the results in simpler, more practice language. The numbers are converted to statements of meaning and application. Include discussion of strengths and weaknesses of the research. Example: During the observation of eye contact while walking across campus a hail storm suddenly interrupted the study.
II. Change of Behavior
Statement of the Problem: In this section refer back to your own research. Example: Previous research has demonstrated that over 50% of males and 40% of females do not wash their hands after using the restroom. The possibility for spreading bacteria is significant.
Theory: This is the new prediction. Example: People you believe they are being observed will be more likely to wash their hands after using the restroom.
Hypothesis: Write a statement which predicts and tests the theory. This takes operational definitions. Example: If an observer holding a clip board and recording behaviors is standing next to the sink in the restroom subjects will tend to wash their hands.
Procedure: This is a detailed description of how the observation was carried out. Example: The observer stood by the sink in the female restroom on Monday and Wednesday between the hours of 12:00 and 1:00 holding a clip board, pencil, and a stop watch. As subjects left the stalls she looked intently at each subject, began to write on the clip board, and turned on the stop watch when hand washing was initiated.
Results: Once again these are the numbers, the count, in paragraph form. Better papers include percentages. A and B project add graphs or charts, but do not omit the paragraph information.
Discussion: The section explains the entire research project. Cite your numbers and explain them. Add strengths and weaknesses of the study. At this point all good research should produce questions in the mind of the researcher which have never been considered before. Discuss possible new lines of research to answer these questions.
References: The last page must contain the references cited in the first Statement of the Problem. Uses APA style documentation. Dr. Kalat uses APA in your textbook. Notice how he refers to a source within the context of the chapter by using (last name, year of publication). At the end of your text book he cites the complete reference. Look at the pattern he uses for a guide.
Go to the link containing the scoring rubric and check to be certain that you have included all the points upon which your project will be scored.
Section 1: Naturalistic Observation Write a theory and hypothesis, explain the procedure you will use to determine if the theory and hypothesis are supported, give the result or the count, and finally, discuss your results or findings.
The first half of your research will be a naturalistic observation. You will be determining the baseline of behavior, or what the behavior looks like, or the amount of the behavior present under normal circumstances. The observer is unobtrusive, rather like the wallpaper. There is no interference with the behavior.
You are to select a human behavior. Discuss the problem surrounding this behavior. The following is a list of topics which have been used in the past. You may select from the list or develop one of your own. Select a behavior which you encounter each day. The greatest challenge is isolating or narrowing the behavior to a single event which you can define, count, and attempt to change or observe as changed in a different environment.Eye contactHand washingDoor opening for othersMoney on the groundCleaning off the table after you eat in a fast food restaurantResponse time of clerks when the researcher dresses poorly or nicelyTips – restaurant, beauty salon, etc.Helpful behavior when toilet paper is attached to the researchers shoe in a public placeHand waving when driving down a country roadChanging television stations in a public waiting roomProducts purchased from shelves of different heightColor of products purchasedSeating behaviors in school cafeteria or restaurantStop light runningUse of cell phones in school areasUse of cell phones while drivingPurchasing one item or the “full meal deal” at a fast food restaurantHuman responses to walking dogs of different sizes or breedsHuman response to “Don’t walk on the grass!” signsDriver behavior while waiting on a stop light (make-up, hair combing using rear view mirror)Assistance reaching items from the top shelfDropping a dollar while walking through Walmart …will someone return the dollar? (Can be an expensive project.)Returning shopping carts to the proper areasSmiling or waving “thank you” when a car stops to allow shoppers to cross in the parking lotBehavior in the check-out line: smiling, conversation…The behavior of children in the check-out line (pulling things from shelves, yelling, smiling, climbing out of cart….)Behavior of children in a classroom (talking, out of seat, interrupting, turning in homework….)
DO NOT :Place a baby carrier on top of a car and drive around the mall parking lot to see if someone will attempt to stop youStop your car by the side of the road to see if someone might stop and assistAttempt a tail gating experiment of any kindSelect any behavior which might be harmful, socially offensive, or immoralSection 2: Experiment
The second half of the project will be a type of experiment. By introducing a variable, you will attempt to increase or decrease a behavior. For example, one student in Iraq counted the number of men who failed to wash their hands after using the latrine next to the dining facility. This student’s count suggested a problem. During the behavior change section of the project, the student placed honey (the independent variable) on the handles of the doors. As a result, hand washing (the dependent variable) increased.
Your project will require you to walk through the same steps again, but from the point of view of changing or improving the behavior. Begin with your own results. That is the statement of the problem. You have counted and found that, yes, this is an area of human behavior which should be improved. APA documentation style must be used when citing references in context and references at the end of your project. Your textbook may be your only reference.
