phases of cellular catabolism.
11. Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP?
| a. | Digestion |
| b. | Glycolysis |
| c. | Oxidation |
| d. | Citric acid cycle |
12. A nurse is teaching the staff about the three phases of cellular catabolism. Which of the following should the nurse include?
| a. | Digestion, glycolysis and oxidation, and the citric acid cycle |
| b. | Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport |
| c. | S phase, G phase, and M phase |
| d. | Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion |
13. A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance?
| a. | Electron-transport chain |
| b. | Aerobic glycolysis |
| c. | Anaerobic glycolysis |
| d. | Oxidative phosphorylation |
14. The faculty member asked the student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of small, electrically uncharged molecules through a semipermeable barrier. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching?
| a. | Osmosis |
| b. | Diffusion |
| c. | Hydrostatic pressure |
| d. | Active transport |
15. A nurse is teaching a patient about fluid and electrolytes. Which of the following indicates the teaching was successful regarding electrolytes? Electrolytes are:
| a. | Small lipid-soluble molecules |
| b. | Large protein molecules |
| c. | Micronutrients used to produce ATP |
| d. | Electrically charged molecules |
16. A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by:
| a. | Concentration of sodium |
| b. | Plasma proteins |
| c. | Hydrostatic pressure |
| d. | Availability of membrane transporter proteins |
17. A patient has a body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg. This lab result is measuring:
| a. | Osmolality |
| b. | Osmolarity |
| c. | Osmotic pressure |
| d. | Oncotic pressure |
18. In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include regarding cholesterol?
| a. | Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen. |
| b. | Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which reduces its ability to carry hemoglobin. |
| c. | Cholesterol increases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which allows binding of excess glucose. |
| d. | Cholesterol increases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which prolongs its life span beyond 120 days. |
19. A nurse is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. Which process of fluid movement is the nurse describing?
| a. | Hydrostatic pressure |
| b. | Osmosis |
| c. | Diffusion |
| d. | Active transport |
20. A patient who has diarrhea receives a hypertonic saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells?
| a. | Cells will become hydrated. |
| b. | Cells will swell or burst. |
| c. | Cells will shrink. |
| d. | Cells will divide. |
21. A nurse is teaching a patient with diabetes how glucose is transported from the blood to the cell. What type of transport system should the nurse discuss with the patient?
| a. | Active-mediated transport (active transport) |
| b. | Active diffusion |
| c. | Passive osmosis |
| d. | Passive-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion) |
22. How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?
| a. | By passive electrolyte channels |
| b. | By coupled channels |
| c. | By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) |
| d. | By diffusion |
23. Why is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells?
| a. | Because potassium has a greater concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF) |
| b. | Because sodium has a greater concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF) |
| c. | Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium |
| d. | Because there is an excess of anions inside the cell |
24. The ion transporter that moves Na+ and Ca2+ simultaneously in the same direction is an example of which of the following types of transport?
| a. | Biport |
| b. | Uniport |
| c. | Antiport |
| d. | Symport |
25. During which process can lysosomal enzymes be released to degrade engulfed particles?
| a. | Endocytosis |
| b. | Pinocytosis |
| c. | Phagocytosis |
| d. | Exocytosis |
26. A nurse is teaching the staff about cholesterol. Which information should be taught? The cellular uptake of cholesterol depends on:
| a. | Active-mediated transport |
| b. | The antiport system |
| c. | Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| d. | Passive transport |
27. Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic division occurs. What is this cell cycle phase called?
| a. | G1 |
| b. | S |
| c. | M |
| d. | G2 |
28. What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential?
| a. | Potassium gates open, and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. |
| b. | Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. |
| c. | Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative. |
| d. | Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative. |
29. A cell is isolated, and electrophysiology studies reveal that the resting membrane potential is –70 millivolts. The predominant intracellular ion is Na+, and the predominant extracellular ion is K+. With voltage change, which of the following would result in an action potential?
| a. | K+ rushing into the cell |
| b. | Na+ rushing into the cell |
| c. | Na+ rushing out of the cell |
| d. | K+ rushing out of the cell |
30. A nurse is teaching the staff about platelet-derived growth factor. Which information should the nurse include? Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the production of:
| a. | Platelets |
| b. | Epidermal cells |
| c. | Connective tissue cells |
| d. | Fibroblast cells |
31. The phase of the cell cycle during which the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart is referred to as:
| a. | Anaphase |
| b. | Telophase |
| c. | Prophase |
| d. | Metaphase |
32. What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction?
| a. | Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development |
| b. | Block progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle |
| c. | Restrain cell growth and development |
| d. | Provide nutrients for cell growth and development |
33. A biopsy of the lung bronchi revealed ciliated epithelial cells that are capable of secretion and absorption. These cells are called _____ columnar epithelium.
| a. | Simple |
| b. | Ciliated simple |
| c. | Stratified |
| d. | Pseudostratified ciliated |
34. The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as:
| a. | Sodium |
| b. | Potassium |
| c. | Chloride |
| d. | Glucose |
35. The student is reviewing functions of the cell. The student would be correct in identifying the primary function of the nerve cell as:
| a. | Sensory interpretation |
| b. | Conductivity |
| c. | Maintenance of homeostasis |
| d. | Communication |
36. The student is studying for a pathophysiology exam and is trying to remember the definition of amphipathic. The student should choose which of the following to be correct?
| a. | All cells have a membrane that is composed of lipids. |
| b. | Cells have organelles that have specialized function. |
| c. | Molecules are polar with one part loving water and one part hating water. |
| d. | Cells have receptor sites that other substances attach to and create additional functions. |
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. A nurse recalls that the four basic types of tissues are (select all that apply):
| a. | Nerve |
| b. | Epithelial |
| c. | Mucosal |
| d. | Connective |
| e. | Skeletal |
| f. | Muscle |
2. Characteristics of prokaryotes include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
| a. | They contain no organelles. |
| b. | Their nuclear material is not encased by a nuclear membrane. |
| c. | They contain a distinct nucleus. |
| d. | They contain histones. |
| e. | They contain a cellular membrane. |
