Faith and Prayer
COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES FOR NURSING PRACTICE
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F o u r t h E d i t i o n
Karen Lee Fontaine Professor, College of Nursing, Purdue University Calumet,
Hammond, Indiana
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to Peggy Gerard, Dean, and Kathy Nix, Undergraduate Coordinator, College of Nursing,
Purdue University Calumet for all their support and enthusiasm as complementary and alternative medicine
was integrated into the curriculum.
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CONTENTS
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
Reviewers xiv
UNIT 1 Healing Practices: Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Nurses 1
Chapter 1 Integrative Healing 3
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts Guiding Alternative Therapies 19
Chapter 3 The Role of Evidence-Based Health Care in Complementary and Alternative Therapies 37
UNIT 2 Systematized Health Care Practices 47 Chapter 4 Traditional Chinese Medicine 49
Chapter 5 Ayurvedic Medicine 70
Chapter 6 Native American Healing and Curanderismo 90
UNIT 3 Botanical Healing 111 Chapter 7 Herbs and Nutritional Supplements 113
Chapter 8 Aromatherapy 133
Chapter 9 Homeopathy 149
Chapter 10 Naturopathy 162
UNIT 4 Manual Healing Methods 169 Chapter 11 Chiropractic 171
Chapter 12 Massage 183
Chapter 13 Pressure Point Therapies 202
Chapter 14 Hand-Mediated Biofield Therapies 217
Chapter 15 Combined Physical and Biofield Therapy 230
UNIT 5 Mind–Body Techniques 239 Chapter 16 Yoga 241
Chapter 17 Meditation 256
Chapter 18 Hypnotherapy and Guided Imagery 269
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Chapter 19 Dreamwork 286
Chapter 20 Intuition 301
Chapter 21 Music as a Therapeutic Tool 311
Chapter 22 Biofeedback 320
Chapter 23 Movement-Oriented Therapies 327
UNIT 6 Spiritual Therapies 339 Chapter 24 Shamans 341
Chapter 25 Faith and Prayer 352
UNIT 7 Other Therapies 367 Chapter 26 Bioelectromagnetics 369
Chapter 27 Animal-Assisted Therapy 378
Appendix Alternative Therapies for Common Health Problems 393
Index 417
vi Contents
TRY THIS
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Energy 34 Massage 88 Positive Thoughts 107 Herbal Remedies 128 Soothing Potions 144 Top 10 Remedies 157 Pet Remedies 158 Visualization 167 Energy Boosters 181 Massage 199 Foot Massage 213 Experience Your Energy Field 227 Emotional First Aid 235 Redirecting the Flow of Energy 236 Heart Breathing 252 Loving–Kindness Meditation 266
Renovating Your Day 283 Shrinking Antagonistic
Forces 283 Improving Dream Recall 298 Positive Affirmations 308 Practice Intuition 309 Music for Stress Reduction 316 Mind Control of Muscular
Strength 324 Feel Your Qi 335 Wave Hands Like Clouds (Water
T’ai Chi) 336 Shamanic Journey 349 Absorbing Earth Energy 375 Going to the Mountains 376 Interacting with Your Pet 389
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PREFACE
The profession of nursing has advanced beyond the Western biomedical model to incorporate many healing tools used by our Asian, Latino, Native American, African, and European ancestors. We are rapidly rediscovering that these ancient principles and practices have significant therapeutic value. Some see this movement as a “return to our roots.” Others believe it is a response to runaway health care costs, growing dissatisfaction with high-tech medicine, and increasing concern over the adverse effects and misuse of med- ications. The growth of consumer empowerment also fuels this movement.
As nurses, how do you begin to assimilate thousands of years of healing knowledge? How do you begin this journey of integrating practices into your own lives? In your professional practice, how do you model healthful living? How do you help clients choose their own healing journeys? How do you break down the barriers between conventional and complementary and alter- native medicine (CAM)? Learning about CAM practices, like anything else, is a slow process involving a steady accumulation of bits of information and skills that eventually form a coherent pattern called knowledge. Although it is possible to learn a great deal about healing practices from reading, thinking, and asking questions, you must in the long run learn about healing through participation. Without hands-on experience, you can be a good student, but you can never be a great nursing practitioner of the healing arts. I trust this book will be one step in a lifelong exploration of and experiences with healing practices.
Consumers do not wish to abandon conventional medicine, but they do want to have a range of options available to them including herbs and nutri- tional supplements, manual healing methods, mind–body techniques, and spiritual approaches. Some CAM practices, such as exercise, proper nutrition, meditation, and massage, promote health and prevent disease. Others, such as herbs and homeopathic remedies, address specific illnesses. Many other CAM practices do both. The rise of chronic disease rates in Western society is increasingly motivating consumers to consider self-care approaches. As recently as the 1950s, only 30% of all disease was chronic, and curable—largely infectious—diseases dominated, for which medical interventions were both appropriate and effective. Now, 80% of all disease is chronic. Western medi- cine, with its focus on acute disorders, trauma, and surgery, is considered to be the best high-tech medical care in the world. Unfortunately, it is not responding adequately to the current epidemic of chronic illnesses.
Ethnocentrism, the assumption that one’s own cultural or ethnic group is superior to others, has often prevented Western health care practitioners from learning “new” ways to promote health and prevent chronic illness. With consumer demand for a broader range of options, we must open our minds to the idea that other cultures and countries have valid ways of preventing and curing diseases that could be good for Western societies.
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Although the information may be new to us, many of these traditions are hun- dreds or even thousands of years old and have long been part of the medical mainstream in other cultures.
I have titled this book Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Nursing Practice because I believe we need to merge CAM approaches with Western- based nursing practices. I have tried to provide enough information about alternative therapies to help guide practice decisions. This text, as an over- view and practical guide for nurses, does not pretend to be an exhaustive col- lection of all the facts and related research in CAM, nor does it offer meticulous documentation for all claims made by the various therapies. The goal of the text is to motivate you, the reader, to explore CAM approaches, increase your knowledge about factors that contribute to health and illness, and expand your professional practice appropriately.
It is possible to classify alternative practices in any number of ways. I have chosen to present more than 40 approaches categorized into seven units. In Unit 1, I introduce the philosophical approaches to both Western bio- medicine and complementary and alternative medicine, as well as evidence- based health care in CAM therapies. Concepts common to many approaches are defined and discussed, such as energy, breath, spirituality, and healing. Unit 2 presents a number of health care practices that have been systematized throughout the centuries worldwide. These typically include an entire set of values, attitudes, and beliefs that generate a philosophy of life, not simply a group of remedies. The chapters cover Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurvedic medicine, and Native American healing and curanderismo. Unit 3 comprises chapters relating to botanical healings used by 80% of the world’s population. Chapters cover herbs and nutritional supplements, aromather- apy, homeopathy, and naturopathy. Unit 4 presents manual healing methods—some from ancient times and some developed in the latter half of the 20th century. The chapters discuss chiropractic, massage, pressure point therapies, hand-mediated biofield therapies, and combined physical and biofield therapies. The chapters in Unit 5 cover types of mind–body tech- niques for healing and include yoga, meditation, hypnotherapy and guided imagery, dreams, intuition, music as a therapeutic tool, biofeedback, and movement-oriented therapies. Unit 6 presents two spiritual approaches to therapeutic intervention: working with shamans and the use of faith and prayer. Unit 7 includes two chapters on miscellaneous practices: bioelectro- magnetics and animal-assisted therapy.
The appendix provides specific information on managing the types of common health problems that respond well to alternative therapies and life- style modification.
This book does not recommend treatments but, rather, describes alterna- tive practices, their backgrounds and claims, preparation of practitioners, con- cepts, diagnostic methods, treatments, and evidence from research studies. “Integrated Nursing Practice” is an important section of every chapter designed to help you, the nurse, expand your practice by providing you with specific information and suggestions. “Try This” features throughout the
Preface xi
chapters provide you with examples of how you can integrate these practices into your own life and also give you ideas for client education. A list of resources is also included in the chapters.
In this new fourth edition, I have continued the “Considering the Evi- dence” feature with all new research relating to the chapter topic. Eight of these features present a systematic review of randomized control trials, while two present primary research . “Considering the Evidence” boxes not only present current studies but also are designed to further critical thinking and perhaps inspire you to design studies to answer your own questions. Each study answers the following questions: What was this study about? How was the study done? What were the results of the study? What additional ques- tions might I have? And how can I use this study?
Changes to the fourth edition:
• Updated all research sections and greatly increased the number of sys- tematic reviews of randomized controlled trials
• Changed the focus of the chapter on music from music therapy to music as a therapeutic tool to broaden the focus for the practicing nurse
• Expanded the lists of resources to include more international resources • Deleted polarity therapy and crystal healing for lack of research and
evidence • Added sections on
• Music thanatology • Aromachology • Restorative yoga • Latest technology for biofeedback self-tracking
• Expanded cautions for pregnant women and young children
Nurses are in a unique position to take a leadership role in integrating alternative healing methods into Western health care systems. Nurses have historically used their hands, heart, and head in more natural and traditional healing interactions. By virtue of their education and relationships with clients, nurses can help consumers assert their right to choose their own healing journey and the quality of their life and death experiences.
My dear friend and colleague has written the following letter to you about her lived experience uniting biomedicine with CAM approaches.
Dear Reader,
It is both a pleasurable and enlightening experience for me to contribute to your text, Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Nursing Practice , through the development of the “Considering the Evidence” feature. I approach this work hopeful that it may inspire you, the reader, to engage in critical thinking, assist in your understanding of the significance of research to inform your nursing practice and, perhaps, propose studies to answer your own researchable questions. However, with this edition, I have asked Karen Lee Fontaine to allow me the privilege of sharing with you my personal journey with complementary and alternative therapies. I hope I can thus inspire you
xii Preface
to reflect on and embrace the important content of this text. After learning of my diagnosis of bilateral breast cancer, I actively participated in myriad Western medicine therapies while integrating complementary and alternative therapies. Although the chemotherapy experience was both mentally and physically challenging, I considered the massage therapist as part of “my team,” and I looked forward to this dimension of comfort during this challenging time. Engaging in yoga enhanced “restful sleep” as a response to the overwhelming fatigue that frequently accompanies Western therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation and just the daily awareness that “you have cancer.” Acupressure relieved uncomfortable postoperative symptoms. T’ai chi continues to be an opportunity to focus on myself and reflect on the positives associated with this journey. Reiki and reflexology is my specified “me time.” As I engage in the associated deep breathing exercises, it stimu- lates my mind to drift to affirmative thoughts and so many positive memories from my life. For me, “living with cancer “is more of an “inconvenience” in my life’s journey. I can appreciate this may not be the experience for every- one, but I can personally assure you that integrating many of the therapies discussed in this text allows me a “quality of life” while simultaneously working with conventional medicine’s goal for a “quantity of life.” With the combination of both, I feel I have been given the power to survive!
I hope my story gives you a sense of hope and empowerment in caring for persons both professionally and personally who are embarking on a stren- uous journey related to their health. I can recall in my nursing practice experi- encing feelings of helplessness when caring for persons undergoing complex t reatments with so many uncertainties related to their health outcome. I can attest that your understanding, knowledge, and support in the implementa- tion of complementary and alternative therapies can significantly affect their “quality of life” and allow you the privilege of making a difference in their health journey.
Warm regards, Dolores M. Huffman, RN, PhD
